The income tax provision for VAALCO consists primarily of Gabonese and United States income taxes. The Company’s operations in other foreign jurisdictions have a 0% effective tax rate because the Company has incurred losses in those countries and has full valuation allowances against the corresponding net deferred tax assets. The Company files income tax returns in all jurisdictions where such requirements exist, with Gabon and the United States being its primary tax jurisdictions.

For interim reporting periods, the Company determines its tax expense by estimating an annual effective income tax rate based on current and forecasted business results and enacted tax laws on a quarterly basis and applies this tax rate to the Company’s ordinary income or loss to calculate its estimated tax expense or benefit. The tax effect of discrete items is recognized in the period in which they occur at the applicable statutory tax rate.

In March 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) became law. The CARES Act, among other things, includes provisions to obtain alternative minimum tax credit refunds for which the company qualifies for. The Company has analyzed the different aspects of the CARES Act and implemented the applicable provisions, which had no material impact on the Company.

Provision for income tax expense (benefit) related to income from continuing operations consists of the following:

The Company’s effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, excluding the impact of discrete items, was (53%) and 101%, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company’s overall effective tax rate was impacted by non-deductible items associated with operations, the impact of deducting foreign taxes rather than crediting them, and a change in valuation allowance. The valuation allowance was necessary due to the decline in crude oil prices caused by declining global economic activity and excess oil supply. The total change in valuation allowances for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $(5.4) million and $37.4 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020 the current tax expense of $1.5 million includes a $3.8 million favorable oil price adjustment as a result of the change in value of the government’s allocation between the time it was produced and the time it was taken in-kind. After excluding the impact, current income taxes were $5.3 million for the period.